William T. Pennington
Professor
Inorganic Chemistry
Phone: (864) 656-4200 or 656-2896
Office: 377 Hunter Laboratories
E-mail: billp@clemson.edu
Research Interests | Publications
Dr. Pennington, professor and Director of the Molecular Structure Center, received his B.A. in chemistry from Hendrix College (1977) and his Ph.D. from the University of Arkansas (1983) working with Professor A.W. Cordes in inorganic chemistry. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Illinois, working with Professors Iain Paul and David Curtin in the area of solid state organic chemistry, and spent two years at Molecular Structure Corporation before coming to Clemson in 1987. He serves as editor of the Journal of Chemical Crystallography, and received the Award of Excellence for Teaching in the Sciences at Clemson University in 2000 and the 2002 Governor’s Award for Excellence in Science Awareness.
Research Interests
Dr. Pennington's research is focused on the crystal chemistry of materials involving halogen bonding (Lewis acid-Lewis base interactions). Like hydrogen bonding, this interaction is strong, directed and selective, making it ideal for crystal design. Donor-acceptor complexes possessing halogen bonding have been prepared in which small acceptor molecules serve as structural auxiliaries, templates and protecting groups. Applications involving these complexes include interconversion of polymorphic donors by controlled solid phase decomposition of halogen-bonded complexes; design of porous materials by halogen bonding directed topopolymerization of diacetylenes and diolefins followed by removal of acceptor molecules; and synthesis of multifunctional macrocycles using halogen-bonded templates.
Dr. Pennington is also interested in the structural characterization of single-crystal, multicrystalline and amorphous materials through X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. This includes the investigation of polymer electrolyte membranes used in fuel cell technology and the online analysis of fiber structure in polymeric materials.
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Publications
Grant, G.J.; Lee, J.P.; Helm, M.L.; VanDerveer, D.G.; Pennington, W.T.; Harris, J.L.; Mehne, L.F.; Klinger, D.W. “Synthetic, Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Studies of Mixed Sandwich Rh(III) and Ir(III) Complexes Involving Cp* and Tridentate Macrocycles”, J. Organomet. Chem. 2004, submitted.
Xue, L; DesMarteau, D.D.; Pennington, W.T. “Synthesis And Structures Of Alkaline Earth Metal Salts of Bis[(Trifluoromethyl)Sulfonyl]Imide”, Sol. State Sci. 2004, submitted.
Grant, G.J.; Chen, W.; Goforth, A.M.; Baucom, C.L.; Patel, K.; Repovic, P.; VanDerveer, D.G.; Pennington, W.T. “Anion and Solvent Effects Upon the Structures of Platinum(II) Complexes with Thiacrown Ligands: The Crystal Structures of [Pt(9S3)2](PF6)2•2CH3NO2, [Pt(9S3)2](BF4)2•2CH3NO2, [Pt(9S3)2](OTf)2•2CH3NO2, and [Pt(18S6)](BF4)2”, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004, accepted.
Padgett, C.W.; Walsh, R.D.; Drake, G.W.; Hanks, T.W.; Pennington, W.T. “New Conformations and Binding Modes in Halogen Bonded and Ionic Complexes of 2,3,5,6-Tetra(2’-pyridyl)pyrazine”, Cryst. Growth & Des. 2004, submitted.
Padgett, C.W.; Pennington, W.T.; Hanks, T.W. “Conformations and Binding Modes of 2,3,5,6-Tetra(2’-pyridyl)pyrazine”, Cryst. Growth & Des. 2004, submitted.
Dunn, S.P.; Walters, M.J.; Metz, C.R.; Beam, C.F.; Pennington, W.T.; Krawiec, M. “The Preparation of Benzoisothiazolo[1,2-b][1,2]isoquinolin-11-one-1,1-dioxides from Dilithiated ortho-Toluic Acids and Lithiated Methyl 2-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoate”, J. Heterocyclic Chem. 2004, in press.
Geiculescu, O.E., Yang, Jin, Zhou, Shuang, Shafer, G., Creager, S.E., Pennington, W.T., DesMarteau, D.D., “Solid Polymer Electrolytes from Polyanionic Lithium Salts Based on the LiTFSI Anion Structure”, Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2004. 151, A1363-1368.
Pati, H.; Taherbhai, Z.; Forrest, L.; Wicks, M.; Bailey, S.; Staples, A.; Stewart, M.; Pennington, W.; Harris, J.; Lee, M. “A Stereospecific Route for the Preparation of Trans-Combrestatin Analogs: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity”, Letters in Drug Des. & Disc. 2004, 1, 275-278.
Pike, R.D.; Reinecke, B.A.; Dellinger, M.E.; Wiles, A.B.; Harper, J.D.; Cole, J.R.; Dendramis, K.A.; Borne, B.D.; Harris, J.L.; Pennington, W.T. “Bicyclic phosphite esters from pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol: New bridging ligands in organometallic and inorganic chemistry”, Organometallics 2004, 23, 1986-1990.
Grant, G.J.; Goforth, A.M.; VanDerveer, D.G.; Pennington, W.T. “Homoleptic platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of 1,5,9-trithiacyclododecane: the crystal structures of [Pt(12S3)2](PF6)2•2CH3NO2 and [Pt(12S3)2](BF4)2•0.5H2O”, Inorg. Chim. Acta 2004, 357, 2107-2114.
Emirdag-Eanes, M.; Pennington, W.T.; Kolis, J.W. “Synthesis, structural characterization, and magnetic properties of NaRE9(GeO4)6O-2 (RE=Nd, Pr)”, J. Alloys and Compounds 2004, 366, 76-80.
Lixin Xue, Clifford W. Padgett, Darryl D. DesMarteau, and William T. Pennington, “Rubidium Bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide-dioxane (1:2)”, Acta Cryst. 2004, C60, M200-M202.
Jennifer R. Downs, Sally P. Grant, Jessica D. Townsend, Deborah A. Schady, Stefan J. Pastine, Mildred C. Embree, Clyde R. Metz, William T. Pennington, Rosa D.B. Walsh, Kevin L. Schey, and Charles F. Beam, "Preparation of substituted 2H-pyran-2-ones from trilithiated acetoacetanilides and aromatic esters." Can. J. Chem. 2004, 82, 659-664.
Seamans G.L., Walsh J.L., Krawiec M, and Pennington, W.T. “A ruthenium complex with 1,5-diphenyl-3-thiocarbazone (dithizone) as monodentate ligands: bis(2,2 '-bipyridyl-kappa N-2,N ')bis(dithizonato-kappa S)-ruthenium(II)”, Acta Crystallogr. 2003, C59: m268-m270.
H.G. Giesber, J. Ballato†, W.T. Pennington, J.W. Kolis, and Dejneka, M., “Hydrothermally Grown Borate Single Crystals for Deep Ultraviolet and Non Linear Optical Applications.” Glass Tech. 2003, 44, 42-45.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, and W.T. Pennington, “2-Amino-6-bromo-pyridinium bromide” Acta Cryst. 2003, E59, o862-o864.
Lea W. Knight, Clifford W. Padgett, John W. Huffman, and William T. Pennington, “N-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)-2-bromopyrrole” Acta Cryst. 2003, E59, o762-o764.
April Crihfield, Joshua Hartwell, Dustin Phelps, Rosa Bailey Walsh, William T. Pennington, and Timothy W. Hanks, “Crystal Engineering through Halogen-Bonding.2. Complexes of Diacetylene-linked Heterocycles with Organic Iodides” Cryst. Growth & Des. 2003, 3,313-320.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, and W.T. Pennington, “1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(2'-vinylpyridyl)benzene-dichloromethane (1/2)” Acta Cryst. 2003, C59, o114-o116.
D.D. DesMarteau, W.T. Pennington, V. Montanari, B.H. Thomas, “Iodonium Zwitterions” J. Fluorine Chem. 2003, 122, 57-61.
Brian T. Holmes, William T. Pennington, and Timothy W. Hanks, “Efficient Synthesis of a Complete Donor/Acceptor Bis(aryl)diyne Family.” Syn. Comm. 2003, 33, 2447-2461.
Jenine R. Cole, Megan E. Dellinger, T. Jason Johnson, Bryn A. Reinecke, Robert D. Pike, William T. Pennington, and Arnold L. Rheingold, "Caged phosphite complexes of copper(I) halides." J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 339-345.
E. Rimmer Gordon, Rosa Bailey Walsh, William T. Pennington and T. W. Hanks "Syntheses and structures of two acridine orange polyiodide salts," J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 383-388.
Lawrence C. Thompson, Kyle Knight, and William T. Pennington, “Synthesis and structure of 4-R,5-R-[5-(hydroxy-diphenyl-methyl)- 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-yl]-phenyl-methanone, a chiral ligand building block,” J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 401-405.
Keenan E. Dungey, Laura L. Wright, Brian D. Thompson, Rosa D. Bailey, William T. Pennington, “Sterically constraining the photoluminescence of platinum(II) ?-diimine complexes. X-ray crystal structure of Pt(2,9-dmp)(mes)2 (mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,9-dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline),” J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 423-427.
Daniel J. Williams, William T. Pennington, Donald VanDerveer, Jeffrey T. Anderton, and Kathleen M. White, “The Preparation and Structural Characterization of 1-Methylimidazolium and 1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium Tetrachlorobismuthate(III),” J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 463-470.
Zhen Xi, Geum-Sook Hwang, Irving H. Goldberg, Jeffrey L. Harris, William T. Pennington, Farid S. Fouad, Ghassan Qabaja, Justin M. Wright, and Graham B. Jones, “Targeting DNA Bulged Microenvironments with Synthetic Agents: Lessons from a Natural Product” Chemistry & Biology 2002, 9, 925-931.
Lixin Xue, Clifford W. Padgett, Darryl D. DesMarteau, and William T. Pennington, “Synthesis And Structures Of Alkali Metal Salts of Bis[(Trifluoromethyl)Sulfonyl]Imide”, Sol. State Sci. 2002, 4, 1535-1545.
Jonathan T. Maeyer, T. Jason Johnson, Amy K. Smith, Brian, D. Borne, Robert D. Pike, William T. Pennington, Mariusz Krawiec, and Arnold L. Rheingold, “Pyrimidine, Pyridazine, Quinazoline, Phthalazine, and Triazine Coordination Polymers of Copper(I) Halides.”, Polyhedron 2003, 22, 419-431.
J.R. Atkins, C.R. Sides, S.E. Creager, J.L. Harris, W.T. Pennington, B.H. Thomas, and D.D. DesMarteau, “Effect or Equivalent Weight on Ionic Conductivity in Bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide perfluorinated ionomers.” J. New Mat. Elec. Syst. 2003, 6, 9-15.
S.C. Savett, J.R. Atkins, C.R. Sides, J.L. Harris, B.H. Thomas,S.E. Creager, W.T. Pennington, and D.D. DesMarteau, “A comparison of bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide ionomers with Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers for Applications in PEM Fuel Cell Technology.” J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, A1527-1532.
H. Giesber, J. Ballato, W. Pennington, and J. Kolis, “Synthesis and Characterization of Optically Nonlinear and Light Emitting Lanthanide Borates,” Information Sciences 2003, 149, 61 - 68.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, M. Krawiec, and W.T. Pennington, “Alkynolpyridines and their complexes with triphenylphosphine oxide.” Cryst. Growth & Des. 2002, 2, 619-624.
Beverly B. Smith, Darron E. Hill, T. Ashton Cropp, Rosa D. Walsh, David Cartrette, Sherry Hipps, Amy M. Shachter, William T. Pennington, and William R. Kwochka, “Synthesis of [n]- and [n.n]Cyclophanes by Using Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling.”, J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 5333.
Giesber, H. G., Ballato, J., Pennington, W. T., Kolis, J. W.; Synthesis and Characterization of Optically Nonlinear and Light Emitting Lanthanide Borates. Proc. 6th Annual Joint Conference on Information Science. 2002, 6, 1310.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, and W.T. Pennington, “2,6-Diiodopyridine.” Acta Cryst. 2002, C58, o602-o603.
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