| Dr. Pennington,
professor and Director of the Molecular Structure Center, received
his B.A. in chemistry from Hendrix College (1977) and his Ph.D.
from the University of Arkansas (1983) working with Professor A.W.
Cordes in inorganic chemistry. He was a postdoctoral fellow at the
University of Illinois, working with Professors Iain Paul and David
Curtin in the area of solid state organic chemistry, and spent two
years at Molecular Structure Corporation before coming to Clemson
in 1987. He serves as editor of the Journal of Chemical Crystallography,
and received the Award of Excellence for Teaching in the Sciences
at Clemson University in 2000 and the 2002 Governor’s Award
for Excellence in Science Awareness.
Research
Dr. Pennington's research is focused on the crystal chemistry
of materials involving halogen bonding (Lewis acid-Lewis base interactions).
Like hydrogen bonding, this interaction is strong, directed and
selective, making it ideal for crystal design. Donor-acceptor complexes
possessing halogen bonding have been prepared in which small acceptor
molecules serve as structural auxiliaries, templates and protecting
groups. Applications involving these complexes include interconversion
of polymorphic donors by controlled solid phase decomposition of
halogen-bonded complexes; design of porous materials by halogen
bonding directed topopolymerization of diacetylenes and diolefins
followed by removal of acceptor molecules; and synthesis of multifunctional
macrocycles using halogen-bonded templates.
Dr. Pennington is also interested in the structural characterization
of single-crystal, multicrystalline and amorphous materials through
X-ray diffraction and scattering techniques. This includes the investigation
of polymer electrolyte membranes used in fuel cell technology and
the online analysis of fiber structure in polymeric materials.
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Recent
Publications
Grant, G.J.; Lee, J.P.; Helm, M.L.; VanDerveer, D.G.; Pennington,
W.T.; Harris, J.L.; Mehne, L.F.; Klinger, D.W. “Synthetic,
Structural, Spectroscopic, and Electrochemical Studies of Mixed
Sandwich Rh(III) and Ir(III) Complexes Involving Cp* and Tridentate
Macrocycles”, J. Organomet. Chem. 2004,
submitted.
Xue, L; DesMarteau, D.D.; Pennington, W.T. “Synthesis And
Structures Of Alkaline Earth Metal Salts of Bis[(Trifluoromethyl)Sulfonyl]Imide”,
Sol. State Sci. 2004, submitted.
Grant, G.J.; Chen, W.; Goforth, A.M.; Baucom, C.L.; Patel, K.; Repovic,
P.; VanDerveer, D.G.; Pennington, W.T. “Anion and Solvent
Effects Upon the Structures of Platinum(II) Complexes with Thiacrown
Ligands: The Crystal Structures of [Pt(9S3)2](PF6)2•2CH3NO2,
[Pt(9S3)2](BF4)2•2CH3NO2, [Pt(9S3)2](OTf)2•2CH3NO2,
and [Pt(18S6)](BF4)2”, Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004,
accepted.
Padgett, C.W.; Walsh, R.D.; Drake, G.W.; Hanks, T.W.; Pennington,
W.T. “New Conformations and Binding Modes in Halogen Bonded
and Ionic Complexes of 2,3,5,6-Tetra(2’-pyridyl)pyrazine”,
Cryst. Growth & Des. 2004, submitted.
Padgett, C.W.; Pennington, W.T.; Hanks,
T.W. “Conformations and Binding Modes of 2,3,5,6-Tetra(2’-pyridyl)pyrazine”,
Cryst. Growth & Des. 2004, submitted.
Dunn, S.P.; Walters, M.J.; Metz, C.R.; Beam, C.F.; Pennington, W.T.;
Krawiec, M. “The Preparation of Benzoisothiazolo[1,2-b][1,2]isoquinolin-11-one-1,1-dioxides
from Dilithiated ortho-Toluic Acids and Lithiated Methyl 2-(Aminosulfonyl)benzoate”,
J. Heterocyclic Chem. 2004, in press.
Geiculescu, O.E., Yang, Jin, Zhou, Shuang, Shafer, G., Creager,
S.E., Pennington, W.T., DesMarteau, D.D., “Solid Polymer Electrolytes
from Polyanionic Lithium Salts Based on the LiTFSI Anion Structure”,
Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2004.
151, A1363-1368.
Pati, H.; Taherbhai, Z.; Forrest, L.; Wicks, M.; Bailey, S.; Staples,
A.; Stewart, M.; Pennington, W.; Harris, J.; Lee, M. “A Stereospecific
Route for the Preparation of Trans-Combrestatin Analogs: Synthesis
and Cytotoxicity”, Letters in Drug Des. & Disc.
2004, 1, 275-278.
Pike, R.D.; Reinecke, B.A.; Dellinger, M.E.; Wiles, A.B.; Harper,
J.D.; Cole, J.R.; Dendramis, K.A.; Borne, B.D.; Harris, J.L.; Pennington,
W.T. “Bicyclic phosphite esters from pentaerythritol and dipentaerythritol:
New bridging ligands in organometallic and inorganic chemistry”,
Organometallics 2004, 23, 1986-1990.
Grant, G.J.; Goforth, A.M.; VanDerveer, D.G.; Pennington, W.T. “Homoleptic
platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes of 1,5,9-trithiacyclododecane:
the crystal structures of [Pt(12S3)2](PF6)2•2CH3NO2 and [Pt(12S3)2](BF4)2•0.5H2O”,
Inorg. Chim. Acta 2004, 357, 2107-2114.
Emirdag-Eanes, M.; Pennington, W.T.; Kolis, J.W. “Synthesis,
structural characterization, and magnetic properties of NaRE9(GeO4)6O-2
(RE=Nd, Pr)”, J. Alloys and Compounds 2004,
366, 76-80.
Lixin Xue, Clifford W. Padgett, Darryl D. DesMarteau, and William
T. Pennington, “Rubidium Bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide-dioxane
(1:2)”, Acta Cryst. 2004, C60, M200-M202.
Jennifer R. Downs, Sally P. Grant, Jessica D. Townsend, Deborah
A. Schady, Stefan J. Pastine, Mildred C. Embree, Clyde R. Metz,
William T. Pennington, Rosa D.B. Walsh, Kevin L. Schey, and Charles
F. Beam, "Preparation of substituted 2H-pyran-2-ones from trilithiated
acetoacetanilides and aromatic esters." Can. J. Chem.
2004, 82, 659-664.
Seamans G.L., Walsh J.L., Krawiec M, and Pennington, W.T. “A
ruthenium complex with 1,5-diphenyl-3-thiocarbazone (dithizone)
as monodentate ligands: bis(2,2 '-bipyridyl-kappa N-2,N ')bis(dithizonato-kappa
S)-ruthenium(II)”, Acta Crystallogr. 2003,
C59: m268-m270.
H.G. Giesber, J. Ballato†, W.T. Pennington, J.W. Kolis, and
Dejneka, M., “Hydrothermally Grown Borate Single Crystals
for Deep Ultraviolet and Non Linear Optical Applications.”
Glass Tech. 2003, 44, 42-45.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, and W.T. Pennington, “2-Amino-6-bromo-pyridinium
bromide” Acta Cryst. 2003, E59,
o862-o864.
Lea W. Knight, Clifford W. Padgett, John W. Huffman, and William
T. Pennington, “N-(p-Toluenesulfonyl)-2-bromopyrrole”
Acta Cryst. 2003, E59, o762-o764.
April Crihfield, Joshua Hartwell, Dustin Phelps, Rosa Bailey Walsh,
William T. Pennington, and Timothy W. Hanks, “Crystal Engineering
through Halogen-Bonding.2. Complexes of Diacetylene-linked Heterocycles
with Organic Iodides” Cryst. Growth & Des. 2003,
3,313-320.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, and W.T. Pennington, “1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(2'-vinylpyridyl)benzene-dichloromethane
(1/2)” Acta Cryst. 2003, C59, o114-o116.
D.D. DesMarteau, W.T. Pennington, V. Montanari, B.H. Thomas, “Iodonium
Zwitterions” J. Fluorine Chem. 2003,
122, 57-61.
Brian T. Holmes, William T. Pennington, and Timothy W. Hanks, “Efficient
Synthesis of a Complete Donor/Acceptor Bis(aryl)diyne Family.”
Syn. Comm. 2003, 33, 2447-2461.
Jenine R. Cole, Megan E. Dellinger, T. Jason Johnson, Bryn A. Reinecke,
Robert D. Pike, William T. Pennington, and Arnold L. Rheingold,
"Caged phosphite complexes of copper(I) halides." J.
Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 339-345.
E. Rimmer Gordon, Rosa Bailey Walsh, William T. Pennington and T.
W. Hanks "Syntheses and structures of two acridine orange polyiodide
salts," J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33,
383-388.
Lawrence C. Thompson, Kyle Knight, and William T. Pennington, “Synthesis
and structure of 4-R,5-R-[5-(hydroxy-diphenyl-methyl)- 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxolan-4-yl]-phenyl-methanone,
a chiral ligand building block,” J. Chem. Cryst.
2003, 33, 401-405.
Keenan E. Dungey, Laura L. Wright, Brian D. Thompson, Rosa D. Bailey,
William T. Pennington, “Sterically constraining the photoluminescence
of platinum(II) ?-diimine complexes. X-ray crystal structure of
Pt(2,9-dmp)(mes)2 (mes = 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, 2,9-dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline),”
J. Chem. Cryst. 2003, 33, 423-427.
Daniel J. Williams, William T. Pennington, Donald VanDerveer, Jeffrey
T. Anderton, and Kathleen M. White, “The Preparation and Structural
Characterization of 1-Methylimidazolium and 1,3-dimethyl-imidazolium
Tetrachlorobismuthate(III),” J. Chem. Cryst. 2003,
33, 463-470.
Zhen Xi, Geum-Sook Hwang, Irving H. Goldberg, Jeffrey L. Harris,
William T. Pennington, Farid S. Fouad, Ghassan Qabaja, Justin M.
Wright, and Graham B. Jones, “Targeting DNA Bulged Microenvironments
with Synthetic Agents: Lessons from a Natural Product” Chemistry
& Biology 2002, 9, 925-931.
Lixin Xue, Clifford W. Padgett, Darryl D. DesMarteau, and William
T. Pennington, “Synthesis And Structures Of Alkali Metal Salts
of Bis[(Trifluoromethyl)Sulfonyl]Imide”, Sol. State Sci.
2002, 4, 1535-1545.
Jonathan T. Maeyer, T. Jason Johnson, Amy K. Smith, Brian, D. Borne,
Robert D. Pike, William T. Pennington, Mariusz Krawiec, and Arnold
L. Rheingold, “Pyrimidine, Pyridazine, Quinazoline, Phthalazine,
and Triazine Coordination Polymers of Copper(I) Halides.”,
Polyhedron 2003, 22, 419-431.
J.R. Atkins, C.R. Sides, S.E. Creager, J.L. Harris, W.T. Pennington,
B.H. Thomas, and D.D. DesMarteau, “Effect or Equivalent Weight
on Ionic Conductivity in Bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide perfluorinated
ionomers.” J. New Mat. Elec. Syst. 2003,
6, 9-15.
S.C. Savett, J.R. Atkins, C.R. Sides, J.L. Harris, B.H. Thomas,S.E.
Creager, W.T. Pennington, and D.D. DesMarteau, “A comparison
of bis[(perfluoroalkyl)sulfonyl]imide ionomers with Perfluorosulfonic
Acid Ionomers for Applications in PEM Fuel Cell Technology.”
J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, A1527-1532.
H. Giesber, J. Ballato, W. Pennington, and J. Kolis, “Synthesis
and Characterization of Optically Nonlinear and Light Emitting Lanthanide
Borates,” Information Sciences 2003,
149, 61 - 68.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, M. Krawiec, and W.T. Pennington, “Alkynolpyridines
and their complexes with triphenylphosphine oxide.” Cryst.
Growth & Des. 2002, 2, 619-624.
Beverly B. Smith, Darron E. Hill, T. Ashton Cropp, Rosa D. Walsh,
David Cartrette, Sherry Hipps, Amy M. Shachter, William T. Pennington,
and William R. Kwochka, “Synthesis of [n]- and [n.n]Cyclophanes
by Using Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling.”, J. Org. Chem.
2002, 67, 5333.
Giesber, H. G., Ballato, J., Pennington, W. T., Kolis, J. W.; Synthesis
and Characterization of Optically Nonlinear and Light Emitting Lanthanide
Borates. Proc. 6th Annual Joint Conference on Information Science.
2002, 6, 1310.
B.T. Holmes, C.W. Padgett, and W.T. Pennington, “2,6-Diiodopyridine.”
Acta Cryst. 2002, C58, o602-o603.
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